Question or problem about Python programming:
I have a directory that stores all the .py files.
bin/ main.py user.py # where class User resides dir.py # where class Dir resides
I want to use classes from user.py and dir.py in main.py.
How can I import these Python classes into main.py?
Furthermore, how can I import class User if user.py is in a sub directory?
bin/ dir.py main.py usr/ user.py
How to solve the problem:
Solution 1:
Python 2
Make an empty file called __init__.py
in the same directory as the files. That will signify to Python that it’s “ok to import from this directory”.
Then just do…
from user import User from dir import Dir
The same holds true if the files are in a subdirectory – put an __init__.py
in the subdirectory as well, and then use regular import statements, with dot notation. For each level of directory, you need to add to the import path.
bin/ main.py classes/ user.py dir.py
So if the directory was named “classes”, then you’d do this:
from classes.user import User from classes.dir import Dir
Python 3
Same as previous, but prefix the module name with a .
if not using a subdirectory:
from .user import User from .dir import Dir
Solution 2:
I just learned (thanks to martineau’s comment) that, in order to import classes from files within the same directory, you would now write in Python 3:
from .user import User from .dir import Dir
Solution 3:
In your main.py
:
from user import Class
where Class
is the name of the class you want to import.
If you want to call a method of Class
, you can call it using:
Class.method
Note that there should be an empty __init__.py
file in the same directory.
Solution 4:
In python3, __init__.py
is no longer necessary. If the current directory of the console is the directory where the python script is located, everything works fine with
import user
However, this won’t work if called from a different directory, which does not contain user.py
.
In that case, use
from . import user
This works even if you want to import the whole file instead of just a class from there.
Solution 5:
You can import the module and have access through its name if you don’t want to mix functions and classes with yours
import util # imports util.py util.clean() util.setup(4)
or you can import the functions and classes to your code
from util import clean, setup clean() setup(4)
you can use wildchar * to import everything in that module to your code
from util import * clean() setup(4)