Question or problem about Python programming:
I would like to know what are all the possible values for the timezone argument in the Python library pytz. How to do it?
for tz in pytz.all_timezones: print tz Africa/Abidjan Africa/Accra Africa/Addis_Ababa Africa/Algiers Africa/Asmara Africa/Asmera Africa/Bamako Africa/Bangui Africa/Banjul Africa/Bissau Africa/Blantyre Africa/Brazzaville Africa/Bujumbura Africa/Cairo Africa/Casablanca Africa/Ceuta Africa/Conakry Africa/Dakar Africa/Dar_es_Salaam Africa/Djibouti Africa/Douala Africa/El_Aaiun Africa/Freetown Africa/Gaborone Africa/Harare Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Juba Africa/Kampala Africa/Khartoum Africa/Kigali Africa/Kinshasa Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville Africa/Lome Africa/Luanda Africa/Lubumbashi Africa/Lusaka Africa/Malabo Africa/Maputo Africa/Maseru Africa/Mbabane Africa/Mogadishu Africa/Monrovia Africa/Nairobi Africa/Ndjamena Africa/Niamey Africa/Nouakchott Africa/Ouagadougou Africa/Porto-Novo Africa/Sao_Tome Africa/Timbuktu Africa/Tripoli Africa/Tunis Africa/Windhoek America/Adak America/Anchorage America/Anguilla America/Antigua America/Araguaina America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires America/Argentina/Catamarca America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia America/Argentina/Cordoba America/Argentina/Jujuy America/Argentina/La_Rioja America/Argentina/Mendoza America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos America/Argentina/Salta America/Argentina/San_Juan America/Argentina/San_Luis America/Argentina/Tucuman America/Argentina/Ushuaia America/Aruba America/Asuncion America/Atikokan America/Atka America/Bahia America/Bahia_Banderas America/Barbados America/Belem America/Belize America/Blanc-Sablon America/Boa_Vista America/Bogota America/Boise America/Buenos_Aires America/Cambridge_Bay America/Campo_Grande America/Cancun America/Caracas America/Catamarca America/Cayenne America/Cayman America/Chicago America/Chihuahua America/Coral_Harbour America/Cordoba America/Costa_Rica America/Creston America/Cuiaba America/Curacao America/Danmarkshavn America/Dawson America/Dawson_Creek America/Denver America/Detroit America/Dominica America/Edmonton America/Eirunepe America/El_Salvador America/Ensenada America/Fort_Wayne America/Fortaleza America/Glace_Bay America/Godthab America/Goose_Bay America/Grand_Turk America/Grenada America/Guadeloupe America/Guatemala America/Guayaquil America/Guyana America/Halifax America/Havana America/Hermosillo America/Indiana/Indianapolis America/Indiana/Knox America/Indiana/Marengo America/Indiana/Petersburg America/Indiana/Tell_City America/Indiana/Vevay America/Indiana/Vincennes America/Indiana/Winamac America/Indianapolis America/Inuvik America/Iqaluit America/Jamaica America/Jujuy America/Juneau America/Kentucky/Louisville America/Kentucky/Monticello America/Knox_IN America/Kralendijk America/La_Paz America/Lima America/Los_Angeles America/Louisville America/Lower_Princes America/Maceio America/Managua America/Manaus America/Marigot America/Martinique America/Matamoros America/Mazatlan America/Mendoza America/Menominee America/Merida America/Metlakatla America/Mexico_City America/Miquelon America/Moncton America/Monterrey America/Montevideo America/Montreal America/Montserrat America/Nassau America/New_York America/Nipigon America/Nome America/Noronha America/North_Dakota/Beulah America/North_Dakota/Center America/North_Dakota/New_Salem America/Ojinaga America/Panama America/Pangnirtung America/Paramaribo America/Phoenix America/Port-au-Prince America/Port_of_Spain America/Porto_Acre America/Porto_Velho America/Puerto_Rico America/Rainy_River America/Rankin_Inlet America/Recife America/Regina America/Resolute America/Rio_Branco America/Rosario America/Santa_Isabel America/Santarem America/Santiago America/Santo_Domingo America/Sao_Paulo America/Scoresbysund America/Shiprock America/Sitka America/St_Barthelemy America/St_Johns America/St_Kitts America/St_Lucia America/St_Thomas America/St_Vincent America/Swift_Current America/Tegucigalpa America/Thule America/Thunder_Bay America/Tijuana America/Toronto America/Tortola America/Vancouver America/Virgin America/Whitehorse America/Winnipeg America/Yakutat America/Yellowknife Antarctica/Casey Antarctica/Davis Antarctica/DumontDUrville Antarctica/Macquarie Antarctica/Mawson Antarctica/McMurdo Antarctica/Palmer Antarctica/Rothera Antarctica/South_Pole Antarctica/Syowa Antarctica/Vostok Arctic/Longyearbyen Asia/Aden Asia/Almaty Asia/Amman Asia/Anadyr Asia/Aqtau Asia/Aqtobe Asia/Ashgabat Asia/Ashkhabad Asia/Baghdad Asia/Bahrain Asia/Baku Asia/Bangkok Asia/Beirut Asia/Bishkek Asia/Brunei Asia/Calcutta Asia/Choibalsan Asia/Chongqing Asia/Chungking Asia/Colombo Asia/Dacca Asia/Damascus Asia/Dhaka Asia/Dili Asia/Dubai Asia/Dushanbe Asia/Gaza Asia/Harbin Asia/Hebron Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh Asia/Hong_Kong Asia/Hovd Asia/Irkutsk Asia/Istanbul Asia/Jakarta Asia/Jayapura Asia/Jerusalem Asia/Kabul Asia/Kamchatka Asia/Karachi Asia/Kashgar Asia/Kathmandu Asia/Katmandu Asia/Kolkata Asia/Krasnoyarsk Asia/Kuala_Lumpur Asia/Kuching Asia/Kuwait Asia/Macao Asia/Macau Asia/Magadan Asia/Makassar Asia/Manila Asia/Muscat Asia/Nicosia Asia/Novokuznetsk Asia/Novosibirsk Asia/Omsk Asia/Oral Asia/Phnom_Penh Asia/Pontianak Asia/Pyongyang Asia/Qatar Asia/Qyzylorda Asia/Rangoon Asia/Riyadh Asia/Saigon Asia/Sakhalin Asia/Samarkand Asia/Seoul Asia/Shanghai Asia/Singapore Asia/Taipei Asia/Tashkent Asia/Tbilisi Asia/Tehran Asia/Tel_Aviv Asia/Thimbu Asia/Thimphu Asia/Tokyo Asia/Ujung_Pandang Asia/Ulaanbaatar Asia/Ulan_Bator Asia/Urumqi Asia/Vientiane Asia/Vladivostok Asia/Yakutsk Asia/Yekaterinburg Asia/Yerevan Atlantic/Azores Atlantic/Bermuda Atlantic/Canary Atlantic/Cape_Verde Atlantic/Faeroe Atlantic/Faroe Atlantic/Jan_Mayen Atlantic/Madeira Atlantic/Reykjavik Atlantic/South_Georgia Atlantic/St_Helena Atlantic/Stanley Australia/ACT Australia/Adelaide Australia/Brisbane Australia/Broken_Hill Australia/Canberra Australia/Currie Australia/Darwin Australia/Eucla Australia/Hobart Australia/LHI Australia/Lindeman Australia/Lord_Howe Australia/Melbourne Australia/NSW Australia/North Australia/Perth Australia/Queensland Australia/South Australia/Sydney Australia/Tasmania Australia/Victoria Australia/West Australia/Yancowinna Brazil/Acre Brazil/DeNoronha Brazil/East Brazil/West CET CST6CDT Canada/Atlantic Canada/Central Canada/East-Saskatchewan Canada/Eastern Canada/Mountain Canada/Newfoundland Canada/Pacific Canada/Saskatchewan Canada/Yukon Chile/Continental Chile/EasterIsland Cuba EET EST EST5EDT Egypt Eire Etc/GMT Etc/GMT+0 Etc/GMT+1 Etc/GMT+10 Etc/GMT+11 Etc/GMT+12 Etc/GMT+2 Etc/GMT+3 Etc/GMT+4 Etc/GMT+5 Etc/GMT+6 Etc/GMT+7 Etc/GMT+8 Etc/GMT+9 Etc/GMT-0 Etc/GMT-1 Etc/GMT-10 Etc/GMT-11 Etc/GMT-12 Etc/GMT-13 Etc/GMT-14 Etc/GMT-2 Etc/GMT-3 Etc/GMT-4 Etc/GMT-5 Etc/GMT-6 Etc/GMT-7 Etc/GMT-8 Etc/GMT-9 Etc/GMT0 Etc/Greenwich Etc/UCT Etc/UTC Etc/Universal Etc/Zulu Europe/Amsterdam Europe/Andorra Europe/Athens Europe/Belfast Europe/Belgrade Europe/Berlin Europe/Bratislava Europe/Brussels Europe/Bucharest Europe/Budapest Europe/Chisinau Europe/Copenhagen Europe/Dublin Europe/Gibraltar Europe/Guernsey Europe/Helsinki Europe/Isle_of_Man Europe/Istanbul Europe/Jersey Europe/Kaliningrad Europe/Kiev Europe/Lisbon Europe/Ljubljana Europe/London Europe/Luxembourg Europe/Madrid Europe/Malta Europe/Mariehamn Europe/Minsk Europe/Monaco Europe/Moscow Europe/Nicosia Europe/Oslo Europe/Paris Europe/Podgorica Europe/Prague Europe/Riga Europe/Rome Europe/Samara Europe/San_Marino Europe/Sarajevo Europe/Simferopol Europe/Skopje Europe/Sofia Europe/Stockholm Europe/Tallinn Europe/Tirane Europe/Tiraspol Europe/Uzhgorod Europe/Vaduz Europe/Vatican Europe/Vienna Europe/Vilnius Europe/Volgograd Europe/Warsaw Europe/Zagreb Europe/Zaporozhye Europe/Zurich GB GB-Eire GMT GMT+0 GMT-0 GMT0 Greenwich HST Hongkong Iceland Indian/Antananarivo Indian/Chagos Indian/Christmas Indian/Cocos Indian/Comoro Indian/Kerguelen Indian/Mahe Indian/Maldives Indian/Mauritius Indian/Mayotte Indian/Reunion Iran Israel Jamaica Japan Kwajalein Libya MET MST MST7MDT Mexico/BajaNorte Mexico/BajaSur Mexico/General NZ NZ-CHAT Navajo PRC PST8PDT Pacific/Apia Pacific/Auckland Pacific/Chatham Pacific/Chuuk Pacific/Easter Pacific/Efate Pacific/Enderbury Pacific/Fakaofo Pacific/Fiji Pacific/Funafuti Pacific/Galapagos Pacific/Gambier Pacific/Guadalcanal Pacific/Guam Pacific/Honolulu Pacific/Johnston Pacific/Kiritimati Pacific/Kosrae Pacific/Kwajalein Pacific/Majuro Pacific/Marquesas Pacific/Midway Pacific/Nauru Pacific/Niue Pacific/Norfolk Pacific/Noumea Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Palau Pacific/Pitcairn Pacific/Pohnpei Pacific/Ponape Pacific/Port_Moresby Pacific/Rarotonga Pacific/Saipan Pacific/Samoa Pacific/Tahiti Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Tongatapu Pacific/Truk Pacific/Wake Pacific/Wallis Pacific/Yap Poland Portugal ROC ROK Singapore Turkey UCT US/Alaska US/Aleutian US/Arizona US/Central US/East-Indiana US/Eastern US/Hawaii US/Indiana-Starke US/Michigan US/Mountain US/Pacific US/Pacific-New US/Samoa UTC Universal W-SU WET Zulu
How to solve the problem:
Solution 1:
You can list all the available timezones with pytz.all_timezones
:
In [40]: import pytz In [41]: pytz.all_timezones Out[42]: ['Africa/Abidjan', 'Africa/Accra', 'Africa/Addis_Ababa', ...]
There is also pytz.common_timezones
:
In [45]: len(pytz.common_timezones) Out[45]: 403 In [46]: len(pytz.all_timezones) Out[46]: 563
Solution 2:
Don’t create your own list – pytz
has a built-in set:
import pytz set(pytz.all_timezones_set) >>> {'Europe/Vienna', 'America/New_York', 'America/Argentina/Salta',..}
You can then apply a timezone:
import datetime tz = pytz.timezone('Pacific/Johnston') ct = datetime.datetime.now(tz=tz) >>> ct.isoformat() 2017-01-13T11:29:22.601991-05:00
Or if you already have a datetime
object that is TZ aware (not naive):
# This timestamp is in UTC my_ct = datetime.datetime.now(tz=pytz.UTC) # Now convert it to another timezone new_ct = my_ct.astimezone(tz) >>> new_ct.isoformat() 2017-01-13T11:29:22.601991-05:00
Solution 3:
The timezone name is the only reliable way to specify the timezone.
You can find a list of timezone names here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones
Note that this list contains a lot of alias names, such as US/Eastern for the timezone that is properly called America/New_York.
If you programatically want to create this list from the zoneinfo database you can compile it from the zone.tab file in the zoneinfo database. I don’t think pytz has an API to get them, and I also don’t think it would be very useful.
Solution 4:
Here, Python list of country codes, names, continents, capitals, and pytz timezones.
countries = [ {'timezones': ['Europe/Paris'], 'code': 'FR', 'continent': 'Europe', 'name': 'France', 'capital': 'Paris'} {'timezones': ['Africa/Kampala'], 'code': 'UG', 'continent': 'Africa', 'name': 'Uganda', 'capital': 'Kampala'}, {'timezones': ['Asia/Colombo'], 'code': 'LK', 'continent': 'Asia', 'name': 'Sri Lanka', 'capital': 'Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte'}, {'timezones': ['Asia/Riyadh'], 'code': 'SA', 'continent': 'Asia', 'name': 'Saudi Arabia', 'capital': 'Riyadh'}, {'timezones': ['Africa/Luanda'], 'code': 'AO', 'continent': 'Africa', 'name': 'Angola', 'capital': 'Luanda'}, {'timezones': ['Europe/Vienna'], 'code': 'AT', 'continent': 'Europe', 'name': 'Austria', 'capital': 'Vienna'}, {'timezones': ['Asia/Calcutta'], 'code': 'IN', 'continent': 'Asia', 'name': 'India', 'capital': 'New Delhi'}, {'timezones': ['Asia/Dubai'], 'code': 'AE', 'continent': 'Asia', 'name': 'United Arab Emirates', 'capital': 'Abu Dhabi'}, {'timezones': ['Europe/London'], 'code': 'GB', 'continent': 'Europe', 'name': 'United Kingdom', 'capital': 'London'}, ]
For full list :
Gist Github
Hope, It helps.
Solution 5:
EDIT: I would appreciate it if you do not downvote this answer further. This answer is wrong, but I would rather retain it as a historical note. While it is arguable whether the pytz interface is error-prone, it can do things that dateutil.tz cannot do, especially regarding daylight-saving in the past or in the future. I have honestly recorded my experience in an article “Time zones in Python”.
If you are on a Unix-like platform, I would suggest you avoid pytz and look just at /usr/share/zoneinfo. dateutil.tz can utilize the information there.
The following piece of code shows the problem pytz can give. I was shocked when I first found it out. (Interestingly enough, the pytz installed by yum on CentOS 7 does not exhibit this problem.)
import pytz import dateutil.tz from datetime import datetime print((datetime(2017,2,13,14,29,29, tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai')) - datetime(2017,2,13,14,29,29, tzinfo=pytz.timezone('UTC'))) .total_seconds()) print((datetime(2017,2,13,14,29,29, tzinfo=dateutil.tz.gettz('Asia/Shanghai')) - datetime(2017,2,13,14,29,29, tzinfo=dateutil.tz.tzutc())) .total_seconds()) -29160.0 -28800.0
I.e. the timezone created by pytz is for the true local time, instead of the standard local time people observe. Shanghai conforms to +0800, not +0806 as suggested by pytz:
pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai')
EDIT: Thanks to Mark Ransom’s comment and downvote, now I know I am using pytz the wrong way. In summary, you are not supposed to pass the result of pytz.timezone(…)
to datetime
, but should pass the datetime
to its localize
method.
Despite his argument (and my bad for not reading the pytz documentation more carefully), I am going to keep this answer. I was answering the question in one way (how to enumerate the supported timezones, though not with pytz), because I believed pytz did not provide a correct solution. Though my belief was wrong, this answer is still providing some information, IMHO, which is potentially useful to people interested in this question. Pytz’s correct way of doing things is counter-intuitive. Heck, if the tzinfo created by pytz should not be directly used by datetime
, it should be a different type. The pytz interface is simply badly designed. The link provided by Mark shows that many people, not just me, have been misled by the pytz interface.